{
  "id": "communication/rtmp-handshake-failed",
  "signature": "RTMP Handshake failed: server responded with unexpected version byte 0x03",
  "signature_zh": "RTMP 握手失败：服务器以意外的版本字节 0x03 响应",
  "regex": "RTMP\\s+Handshake\\s+failed.*unexpected\\s+version\\s+byte\\s+0x[0-9a-fA-F]{2}",
  "domain": "communication",
  "category": "protocol_error",
  "subcategory": null,
  "root_cause": "RTMP client and server fail to negotiate handshake because the server expects Flash Player version 9+ (byte 0x03) but the client sends an older or malformed version (e.g., 0x00 or 0x01), often due to outdated libraries or firewall manipulation.",
  "root_cause_type": "generic",
  "root_cause_zh": "RTMP 客户端和服务器无法协商握手，因为服务器期望 Flash Player 版本 9+（字节 0x03），但客户端发送了较旧或格式错误的版本（例如 0x00 或 0x01），通常是由于过时的库或防火墙篡改。",
  "versions": [
    {
      "version": "RTMP specification (Adobe)",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "FFmpeg 6.0",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "OBS Studio 29.1",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "nginx-rtmp-module 1.2.2",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "Wowza Streaming Engine 4.8.0",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    }
  ],
  "os_specific": {},
  "dead_ends": [
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Disabling RTMP authentication (e.g., removing 'rtmp_auth' in nginx) does not affect the handshake version negotiation; the version byte mismatch persists.",
      "fail_rate": 0.8,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Using a different streaming protocol (e.g., RTSP instead of RTMP) changes the issue but may introduce new compatibility problems with the server.",
      "fail_rate": 0.7,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Increasing the handshake timeout (e.g., 'rtmp_handshake_timeout 30s') only delays the failure; the version mismatch remains.",
      "fail_rate": 0.85,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds": [
    {
      "action": "Update the RTMP client library to a version that sends the correct handshake byte (0x03): for FFmpeg, upgrade to 6.0 or later; for OBS, ensure version 29.0+.",
      "success_rate": 0.9,
      "how": "Update the RTMP client library to a version that sends the correct handshake byte (0x03): for FFmpeg, upgrade to 6.0 or later; for OBS, ensure version 29.0+.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "Override the handshake version on the server side: in nginx-rtmp-module, set 'rtmp_version 3;' in the configuration to force acceptance of older clients (though this may reduce security).",
      "success_rate": 0.8,
      "how": "Override the handshake version on the server side: in nginx-rtmp-module, set 'rtmp_version 3;' in the configuration to force acceptance of older clients (though this may reduce security).",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "Use a proxy to rewrite the handshake: deploy a simple RTMP proxy (e.g., using Node.js 'node-rtmp-server') that intercepts the client's version byte and sends the expected 0x03 to the server.",
      "success_rate": 0.75,
      "how": "Use a proxy to rewrite the handshake: deploy a simple RTMP proxy (e.g., using Node.js 'node-rtmp-server') that intercepts the client's version byte and sends the expected 0x03 to the server.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds_zh": [
    "Update the RTMP client library to a version that sends the correct handshake byte (0x03): for FFmpeg, upgrade to 6.0 or later; for OBS, ensure version 29.0+.",
    "Override the handshake version on the server side: in nginx-rtmp-module, set 'rtmp_version 3;' in the configuration to force acceptance of older clients (though this may reduce security).",
    "Use a proxy to rewrite the handshake: deploy a simple RTMP proxy (e.g., using Node.js 'node-rtmp-server') that intercepts the client's version byte and sends the expected 0x03 to the server."
  ],
  "transition_graph": {
    "leads_to": [],
    "preceded_by": [],
    "frequently_confused_with": []
  },
  "official_doc_url": "https://rtmp.veriskope.com/docs/spec/",
  "official_doc_section": null,
  "error_code": "0x03",
  "verification_tier": "ai_generated",
  "confidence": 0.83,
  "fix_success_rate": 0.79,
  "resolvable": "true",
  "first_seen": "2023-07-22",
  "last_confirmed": "2024-06-01",
  "last_updated": "2024-06-01",
  "evidence_count": 1,
  "tags": [],
  "locale": "en",
  "aliases": []
}