{
  "id": "emergency/naloxone-inhalation-route-error",
  "signature": "AI tells a bystander to administer naloxone (Narcan) via inhalation for an opioid overdose, but the correct route is intramuscular or intranasal",
  "signature_zh": "AI告诉旁观者通过吸入方式给予纳洛酮（Narcan）以应对阿片类药物过量，但正确途径是肌肉注射或鼻内给药",
  "regex": "naloxone inhalation|Narcan inhale|administer naloxone via breathing",
  "domain": "emergency",
  "category": "life_safety",
  "subcategory": null,
  "root_cause": "Naloxone is not absorbed effectively via inhalation; the FDA-approved routes are intramuscular injection (auto-injector) or intranasal spray (Narcan Nasal Spray). Inhalation bypasses the nasal mucosa and delivers drug to lungs, which is off-label and may cause aspiration or inadequate dosing.",
  "root_cause_type": "generic",
  "root_cause_zh": "纳洛酮通过吸入吸收效果不佳；FDA批准的途径是肌肉注射（自动注射器）或鼻内喷雾（Narcan鼻喷雾）。吸入绕过鼻黏膜将药物送入肺部，属于标签外使用，可能导致误吸或剂量不足。",
  "versions": [
    {
      "version": "Narcan Nasal Spray 4 mg",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "Evzio Auto-Injector 2 mg",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    }
  ],
  "os_specific": {},
  "dead_ends": [
    {
      "action": "Crush naloxone tablet and snort powder",
      "why_fails": "Naloxone tablets are for oral administration only; intranasal absorption of crushed powder is inconsistent and may cause nasal irritation without therapeutic effect.",
      "fail_rate": 0.9,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "Vaporize naloxone solution and inhale",
      "why_fails": "Heating naloxone degrades the drug; inhalation of vaporized solution can cause bronchospasm and delivers unknown dose.",
      "fail_rate": 0.95,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "Inject naloxone into the upper arm",
      "why_fails": "Intramuscular injection into the deltoid is less effective than the anterolateral thigh due to slower absorption; thigh is preferred for faster onset.",
      "fail_rate": 0.7,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds": [
    {
      "action": "Use Narcan Nasal Spray: Insert nozzle into one nostril, press plunger firmly to deliver 4 mg dose. Repeat after 2-3 minutes if no response. Do not inhale; the spray is absorbed through nasal mucosa.",
      "success_rate": 0.95,
      "how": "Use Narcan Nasal Spray: Insert nozzle into one nostril, press plunger firmly to deliver 4 mg dose. Repeat after 2-3 minutes if no response. Do not inhale; the spray is absorbed through nasal mucosa.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "Use auto-injector (Evzio): Remove from case, place against outer thigh (through clothing if needed), press firmly until click. Hold for 5 seconds. Massage injection site briefly.",
      "success_rate": 0.93,
      "how": "Use auto-injector (Evzio): Remove from case, place against outer thigh (through clothing if needed), press firmly until click. Hold for 5 seconds. Massage injection site briefly.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "If only injectable naloxone is available, use a syringe to inject 0.4 mg (1 mL) into the anterolateral thigh muscle. Do not use inhalation.",
      "success_rate": 0.9,
      "how": "If only injectable naloxone is available, use a syringe to inject 0.4 mg (1 mL) into the anterolateral thigh muscle. Do not use inhalation.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds_zh": [
    "Use Narcan Nasal Spray: Insert nozzle into one nostril, press plunger firmly to deliver 4 mg dose. Repeat after 2-3 minutes if no response. Do not inhale; the spray is absorbed through nasal mucosa.",
    "Use auto-injector (Evzio): Remove from case, place against outer thigh (through clothing if needed), press firmly until click. Hold for 5 seconds. Massage injection site briefly.",
    "If only injectable naloxone is available, use a syringe to inject 0.4 mg (1 mL) into the anterolateral thigh muscle. Do not use inhalation."
  ],
  "transition_graph": {
    "leads_to": [],
    "preceded_by": [],
    "frequently_confused_with": []
  },
  "official_doc_url": "https://www.narcan.com/",
  "official_doc_section": null,
  "error_code": "NALOXONE-ROUTE-ERR-001",
  "verification_tier": "ai_generated",
  "confidence": 0.9,
  "fix_success_rate": 0.95,
  "resolvable": "true",
  "first_seen": "2023-11-20",
  "last_confirmed": "2024-06-01",
  "last_updated": "2024-06-01",
  "evidence_count": 1,
  "tags": [],
  "locale": "en",
  "aliases": []
}