{
  "id": "emergency/naloxone-inhalation-route",
  "signature": "AI tells a bystander to administer naloxone (Narcan) via inhalation for an opioid overdose, but the correct route is intranasal or intramuscular",
  "signature_zh": "AI告诉旁观者通过吸入方式给予纳洛酮（纳洛酮鼻喷剂）处理阿片类药物过量，但正确途径是鼻内或肌内注射",
  "regex": "naloxone.*inhal|narcan.*inhal|opioid.*inhal",
  "domain": "emergency",
  "category": "life_safety",
  "subcategory": null,
  "root_cause": "AI incorrectly assumes naloxone can be inhaled like asthma medication; FDA-approved naloxone formulations are intranasal spray (Narcan) or auto-injector (IM), not inhalation, because naloxone is poorly absorbed via lungs and inhalation may cause bronchospasm.",
  "root_cause_type": "generic",
  "root_cause_zh": "AI错误地假设纳洛酮可以像哮喘药物一样吸入；FDA批准的纳洛酮制剂是鼻内喷雾（Narcan）或自动注射器（肌内注射），而非吸入，因为纳洛酮通过肺部吸收效果差，且吸入可能导致支气管痉挛。",
  "versions": [
    {
      "version": "naloxone_HCl_4mg_intranasal",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "naloxone_HCl_2mg_auto_injector",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "naloxone_HCl_0.4mg_IM_ampule",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    }
  ],
  "os_specific": {},
  "dead_ends": [
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Device is designed for nasal mucosa; powder may cause choking or ineffective dosing",
      "fail_rate": 0.99,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Naloxone is not formulated for aerosol; risk of contamination and unknown absorption",
      "fail_rate": 0.95,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds": [
    {
      "action": "Administer Narcan intranasal spray: insert nozzle into nostril, press plunger firmly; if no response in 2-3 minutes, give second dose in other nostril",
      "success_rate": 0.9,
      "how": "Administer Narcan intranasal spray: insert nozzle into nostril, press plunger firmly; if no response in 2-3 minutes, give second dose in other nostril",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "Use auto-injector (IM): remove safety cap, place against outer thigh (through clothing if needed), press firmly until click, hold for 5 seconds",
      "success_rate": 0.95,
      "how": "Use auto-injector (IM): remove safety cap, place against outer thigh (through clothing if needed), press firmly until click, hold for 5 seconds",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds_zh": [
    "使用纳洛酮鼻喷剂：将喷嘴插入鼻孔，用力按压活塞；如果2-3分钟内无反应，在另一鼻孔给予第二剂",
    "使用自动注射器（肌内注射）：取下安全帽，紧贴大腿外侧（必要时隔衣物），用力按压直至听到咔嗒声，保持5秒"
  ],
  "transition_graph": {
    "leads_to": [],
    "preceded_by": [],
    "frequently_confused_with": []
  },
  "official_doc_url": "https://www.fda.gov/drugs/information-drug-class/naloxone-drug-facts",
  "official_doc_section": null,
  "error_code": "NALOXONE-ROUTE-ERR-001",
  "verification_tier": "ai_generated",
  "confidence": 0.88,
  "fix_success_rate": 0.9,
  "resolvable": "true",
  "first_seen": "2025-01-10",
  "last_confirmed": "2024-06-01",
  "last_updated": "2024-06-01",
  "evidence_count": 1,
  "tags": [],
  "locale": "en",
  "aliases": []
}