{
  "id": "emergency/narcan-naloxone-inhalation",
  "signature": "AI tells a bystander to administer naloxone (Narcan) via inhalation for an opioid overdose, but the correct route is intranasal spray or intramuscular injection; inhalation has no evidence and may worsen respiratory depression",
  "signature_zh": "AI告诉旁观者通过吸入方式给予纳洛酮（Narcan）治疗阿片类药物过量，但正确途径是鼻内喷雾或肌肉注射；吸入无证据且可能加重呼吸抑制",
  "regex": "(?:naloxone|Narcan|opioid overdose).*?(?:inhal|nebuliz|vapor|smoke|puff)",
  "domain": "emergency",
  "category": "life_safety",
  "subcategory": null,
  "root_cause": "Naloxone is formulated as a nasal spray (e.g., Narcan 4 mg) or injectable (IM/IV); inhalation via nebulizer or vaporizer is not FDA-approved, delivers unpredictable dose, and delays absorption during respiratory arrest.",
  "root_cause_type": "generic",
  "root_cause_zh": "纳洛酮配制成鼻喷雾剂（如Narcan 4 mg）或注射剂（IM/IV）；通过雾化器或蒸发器吸入未获FDA批准，剂量不可预测，且在呼吸骤停时延迟吸收。",
  "versions": [
    {
      "version": "Narcan Nasal Spray 4 mg",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "Evzio Auto-Injector 2 mg",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "SAMHSA Overdose Prevention Toolkit 2023",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    }
  ],
  "os_specific": {},
  "dead_ends": [
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Narcan tablets are for injection only; snorting causes nasal irritation and unpredictable absorption; no evidence of efficacy",
      "fail_rate": 0.95,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Nebulized naloxone is not standard; most EMS protocols do not allow it; absorption is slow and may not reverse overdose in time",
      "fail_rate": 0.9,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Heat degrades naloxone; no data on efficacy; may cause thermal injury to airway",
      "fail_rate": 0.98,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds": [
    {
      "action": "Administer Narcan nasal spray: insert nozzle into one nostril, press plunger firmly. If no response after 2-3 minutes, give second dose in other nostril. Call 911 immediately.",
      "success_rate": 0.95,
      "how": "Administer Narcan nasal spray: insert nozzle into one nostril, press plunger firmly. If no response after 2-3 minutes, give second dose in other nostril. Call 911 immediately.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "If trained, give intramuscular naloxone (0.4-2 mg) into thigh (vastus lateralis) using auto-injector or syringe. Example: Evzio auto-injector follows voice prompts.",
      "success_rate": 0.95,
      "how": "If trained, give intramuscular naloxone (0.4-2 mg) into thigh (vastus lateralis) using auto-injector or syringe. Example: Evzio auto-injector follows voice prompts.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "If no naloxone available, perform rescue breathing (1 breath every 5 seconds) and wait for EMS; do not attempt inhalation methods",
      "success_rate": 0.7,
      "how": "If no naloxone available, perform rescue breathing (1 breath every 5 seconds) and wait for EMS; do not attempt inhalation methods",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds_zh": [
    "Administer Narcan nasal spray: insert nozzle into one nostril, press plunger firmly. If no response after 2-3 minutes, give second dose in other nostril. Call 911 immediately.",
    "If trained, give intramuscular naloxone (0.4-2 mg) into thigh (vastus lateralis) using auto-injector or syringe. Example: Evzio auto-injector follows voice prompts.",
    "If no naloxone available, perform rescue breathing (1 breath every 5 seconds) and wait for EMS; do not attempt inhalation methods"
  ],
  "transition_graph": {
    "leads_to": [],
    "preceded_by": [],
    "frequently_confused_with": []
  },
  "official_doc_url": null,
  "official_doc_section": null,
  "error_code": "OPIOID-NALOXONE-ERR-003",
  "verification_tier": "ai_generated",
  "confidence": 0.9,
  "fix_success_rate": 0.95,
  "resolvable": "true",
  "first_seen": "2024-03-10",
  "last_confirmed": "2024-06-01",
  "last_updated": "2024-06-01",
  "evidence_count": 1,
  "tags": [],
  "locale": "en",
  "aliases": []
}