{
  "id": "food-safety/reheating-leftover-pasta-cbotulism",
  "signature": "AI tells a user that leftover pasta left at room temperature overnight is safe to eat if reheated thoroughly",
  "signature_zh": "AI告诉用户，在室温下放置过夜的剩意面如果彻底加热就可以安全食用",
  "regex": "leftover pasta.*room temperature.*overnight.*safe.*reheat",
  "domain": "food-safety",
  "category": "health_risk",
  "subcategory": null,
  "root_cause": "Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus produce heat-stable toxins in starchy foods like pasta left at room temperature for over 2 hours; reheating kills the bacteria but not the pre-formed toxins, which can cause severe vomiting and diarrhea.",
  "root_cause_type": "generic",
  "root_cause_zh": "在室温下放置超过2小时的淀粉类食物（如意面）中，蜡样芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌会产生耐热毒素；重新加热可以杀死细菌，但无法消除已形成的毒素，这些毒素可能导致严重呕吐和腹泻。",
  "versions": [],
  "os_specific": {},
  "dead_ends": [
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Reheating kills live bacteria but does not destroy heat-stable toxins already produced during room-temperature storage; toxins remain active even after boiling.",
      "fail_rate": 0.95,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Acidification does not reverse or degrade toxins already formed; it only slightly slows further bacterial growth but is ineffective once toxins are present.",
      "fail_rate": 0.9,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Microwave heating can be uneven, allowing cold spots where bacteria survive, and even if all bacteria are killed, pre-formed toxins remain unaffected.",
      "fail_rate": 0.85,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds": [
    {
      "action": "Refrigerate leftover pasta within 2 hours of cooking at 40°F (4°C) or below; if left out for more than 2 hours, discard immediately.",
      "success_rate": 0.95,
      "how": "Refrigerate leftover pasta within 2 hours of cooking at 40°F (4°C) or below; if left out for more than 2 hours, discard immediately.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "Use a shallow container (less than 2 inches deep) to cool pasta quickly in the refrigerator, ensuring it reaches 40°F within 2 hours.",
      "success_rate": 0.9,
      "how": "Use a shallow container (less than 2 inches deep) to cool pasta quickly in the refrigerator, ensuring it reaches 40°F within 2 hours.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "If reheating from refrigerated state, ensure internal temperature reaches 165°F (74°C) and consume immediately; do not reheat more than once.",
      "success_rate": 0.85,
      "how": "If reheating from refrigerated state, ensure internal temperature reaches 165°F (74°C) and consume immediately; do not reheat more than once.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds_zh": [
    "Refrigerate leftover pasta within 2 hours of cooking at 40°F (4°C) or below; if left out for more than 2 hours, discard immediately.",
    "Use a shallow container (less than 2 inches deep) to cool pasta quickly in the refrigerator, ensuring it reaches 40°F within 2 hours.",
    "If reheating from refrigerated state, ensure internal temperature reaches 165°F (74°C) and consume immediately; do not reheat more than once."
  ],
  "transition_graph": {
    "leads_to": [],
    "preceded_by": [],
    "frequently_confused_with": []
  },
  "official_doc_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/communication/starchy-foods.html",
  "official_doc_section": null,
  "error_code": "PASTA-ROOM-TEMP-TOXIN-001",
  "verification_tier": "ai_generated",
  "confidence": 0.9,
  "fix_success_rate": 0.85,
  "resolvable": "true",
  "first_seen": "2024-03-15",
  "last_confirmed": "2024-06-01",
  "last_updated": "2024-06-01",
  "evidence_count": 1,
  "tags": [],
  "locale": "en",
  "aliases": []
}