{
  "id": "go/os-file-permission-denied",
  "signature": "error: open /etc/shadow: permission denied",
  "signature_zh": "错误：打开 /etc/shadow：权限被拒绝",
  "regex": "error:\\ open\\ /etc/shadow:\\ permission\\ denied",
  "domain": "go",
  "category": "auth_error",
  "subcategory": null,
  "root_cause": "The process does not have the necessary file system permissions to open the file, often due to running as a non-root user.",
  "root_cause_type": "generic",
  "root_cause_zh": "进程没有打开文件所需的文件系统权限，通常由于以非root用户运行。",
  "versions": [
    {
      "version": "1.20",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "1.21",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    }
  ],
  "os_specific": {},
  "dead_ends": [
    {
      "action": "Running entire application as root",
      "why_fails": "Security risk; better to use capabilities or proper user.",
      "fail_rate": 0.3,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds": [
    {
      "action": "Check permissions before opening and use appropriate user or sudo",
      "success_rate": 0.85,
      "how": "if os.Geteuid() != 0 { return errors.New(\"must run as root\") }\nf, err := os.Open(\"/etc/shadow\")",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds_zh": [],
  "transition_graph": {
    "leads_to": [],
    "preceded_by": [],
    "frequently_confused_with": []
  },
  "official_doc_url": null,
  "official_doc_section": null,
  "error_code": null,
  "verification_tier": "ai_generated",
  "confidence": 0.84,
  "fix_success_rate": 0.8,
  "resolvable": "true",
  "first_seen": "2025-04-01",
  "last_confirmed": "2025-01-01",
  "last_updated": "2025-01-01",
  "evidence_count": 0,
  "tags": [],
  "locale": "en",
  "aliases": []
}