{
  "id": "legal/india-nda-overly-broad",
  "signature": "AI tells a startup in India that a non-disclosure agreement (NDA) covering 'all business information' is enforceable",
  "signature_zh": "AI告诉印度的初创公司，涵盖'所有商业信息'的保密协议（NDA）是可执行的",
  "regex": "(?:NDA|non.disclosure).*(?:all|any|every).*(?:information|data|material)",
  "domain": "legal",
  "category": "legal_risk",
  "subcategory": null,
  "root_cause": "Indian courts (e.g., Bombay High Court in V.B. Desai v. R.S. Desai, 2018) require NDAs to define confidential information with specificity; overly broad clauses covering 'all information' are likely void for vagueness under the Indian Contract Act 1872 Section 29",
  "root_cause_type": "generic",
  "root_cause_zh": "印度法院（如孟买高等法院在V.B. Desai诉R.S. Desai案，2018年）要求NDA明确界定保密信息；涵盖'所有信息'的过于宽泛的条款可能因模糊性而无效（根据1872年印度合同法第29条）",
  "versions": [
    {
      "version": "Indian Contract Act 1872",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "Bombay High Court ruling 2018",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    }
  ],
  "os_specific": {},
  "dead_ends": [
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Adding a clause that says 'this NDA is governed by US law' — Indian courts will apply Indian law if the dispute is in India, and the clause may be unenforceable as against public policy",
      "fail_rate": 0.7,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Using a template from a US or UK law firm without Indian-specific modifications — common law principles differ; Indian courts give more weight to public interest and reasonableness",
      "fail_rate": 0.85,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds": [
    {
      "action": "Define confidential information with a specific list: 'Confidential information means: (a) source code, (b) customer lists, (c) financial projections, (d) patent filings, and (e) any other information marked as confidential in writing.' This satisfies the specificity requirement under Indian law.",
      "success_rate": 0.8,
      "how": "Define confidential information with a specific list: 'Confidential information means: (a) source code, (b) customer lists, (c) financial projections, (d) patent filings, and (e) any other information marked as confidential in writing.' This satisfies the specificity requirement under Indian law.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "Include a severability clause stating that if any part of the NDA is found void, the remainder remains enforceable; this is standard practice in Indian contracts and protects against total invalidation",
      "success_rate": 0.88,
      "how": "Include a severability clause stating that if any part of the NDA is found void, the remainder remains enforceable; this is standard practice in Indian contracts and protects against total invalidation",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds_zh": [
    "Define confidential information with a specific list: 'Confidential information means: (a) source code, (b) customer lists, (c) financial projections, (d) patent filings, and (e) any other information marked as confidential in writing.' This satisfies the specificity requirement under Indian law.",
    "Include a severability clause stating that if any part of the NDA is found void, the remainder remains enforceable; this is standard practice in Indian contracts and protects against total invalidation"
  ],
  "transition_graph": {
    "leads_to": [],
    "preceded_by": [],
    "frequently_confused_with": []
  },
  "official_doc_url": "https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2187",
  "official_doc_section": null,
  "error_code": "IND-CONT-NDA-002",
  "verification_tier": "ai_generated",
  "confidence": 0.83,
  "fix_success_rate": 0.72,
  "resolvable": "true",
  "first_seen": "2025-01-20",
  "last_confirmed": "2024-06-01",
  "last_updated": "2024-06-01",
  "evidence_count": 1,
  "tags": [],
  "locale": "en",
  "aliases": []
}