{
  "id": "legal/italian-food-labeling-denomination",
  "signature": "AI tells a food exporter that 'Parmesan' or 'Feta' can be used on cheese labels for US or Asian markets without restriction",
  "signature_zh": "AI告诉食品出口商，'帕尔马干酪'或'菲达奶酪'可以在美国或亚洲市场的奶酪标签上使用，不受限制",
  "regex": ".*(Parmesan|Feta|Gorgonzola|Prosciutto|Champagne)\\b.*(label|export|US|Asia|market).*",
  "domain": "legal",
  "category": "regulatory_barrier",
  "subcategory": null,
  "root_cause": "The EU protects PDO/PGI geographical indications; 'Parmigiano Reggiano' and 'Feta' are registered PDOs; 'Parmesan' is reserved under EU law, and Italy enforces customs seizures on mislabeled exports even outside the EU via bilateral agreements.",
  "root_cause_type": "generic",
  "root_cause_zh": "欧盟保护PDO/PGI地理标志；'帕尔马干酪'和'菲达奶酪'是注册的PDO；'帕尔马干酪'根据欧盟法律保留，意大利通过双边协议在欧盟外也执行海关扣押误标出口产品。",
  "versions": [
    {
      "version": "EU Regulation 1151/2012",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "Italian Law 350/2003",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "US-EU wine agreement 2006",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    }
  ],
  "os_specific": {},
  "dead_ends": [
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Assuming 'Parmesan' is a generic term in the US; while the US allows it, EU law prohibits export to third countries if it misleads consumers, and Italy seizes shipments.",
      "fail_rate": 0.75,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Thinking that if the cheese is made in Italy, it can be labeled 'Parmesan'; only PDO-certified producers can use 'Parmigiano Reggiano', and 'Parmesan' is reserved.",
      "fail_rate": 0.6,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Believing that bilateral trade agreements override EU GI protections; they do not, and customs checks are routine.",
      "fail_rate": 0.55,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds": [
    {
      "action": "Rename product to 'Italian-style hard cheese' or 'Grated cheese alternative' and ensure label does not reference protected GI terms. For EU market, use only PDO-certified suppliers.",
      "success_rate": 0.85,
      "how": "Rename product to 'Italian-style hard cheese' or 'Grated cheese alternative' and ensure label does not reference protected GI terms. For EU market, use only PDO-certified suppliers.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "Apply for a PDO license if your production meets the specification; this is complex but legally safe. Example: register with the Italian Ministry of Agriculture.",
      "success_rate": 0.7,
      "how": "Apply for a PDO license if your production meets the specification; this is complex but legally safe. Example: register with the Italian Ministry of Agriculture.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "Use a completely different name like 'Kasseri' or 'Granada' that is not protected. Run a trademark search in target markets.",
      "success_rate": 0.9,
      "how": "Use a completely different name like 'Kasseri' or 'Granada' that is not protected. Run a trademark search in target markets.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds_zh": [
    "Rename product to 'Italian-style hard cheese' or 'Grated cheese alternative' and ensure label does not reference protected GI terms. For EU market, use only PDO-certified suppliers.",
    "Apply for a PDO license if your production meets the specification; this is complex but legally safe. Example: register with the Italian Ministry of Agriculture.",
    "Use a completely different name like 'Kasseri' or 'Granada' that is not protected. Run a trademark search in target markets."
  ],
  "transition_graph": {
    "leads_to": [],
    "preceded_by": [],
    "frequently_confused_with": []
  },
  "official_doc_url": "https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/food-safety-and-quality/certification/quality-labels/geographical-indications-register/",
  "official_doc_section": null,
  "error_code": "EU-GI-510",
  "verification_tier": "ai_generated",
  "confidence": 0.87,
  "fix_success_rate": 0.82,
  "resolvable": "partial",
  "first_seen": "2024-03-12",
  "last_confirmed": "2024-06-01",
  "last_updated": "2024-06-01",
  "evidence_count": 1,
  "tags": [],
  "locale": "en",
  "aliases": []
}