# 错误：由于 OSError 无法安装包：[Errno 13] 权限被拒绝：'/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/foo'
请考虑使用 `--user` 选项或检查权限。

- **ID:** `python/pip-install-error-errno-13-permission-denied`
- **领域:** python
- **类别:** system_error
- **验证级别:** ai_generated
- **修复率:** 80%

## 根因

pip 正在写入当前用户无权限修改的系统级 site-packages，通常因为该解释器由 root 拥有。

## 版本兼容性

| 版本 | 状态 | 引入 | 弃用 |
|------|------|------|------|
| 3.8 | active | — | — |
| 3.9 | active | — | — |
| 3.10 | active | — | — |
| 3.11 | active | — | — |
| 3.12 | active | — | — |

## 解决方案

1. **** (85% 成功率)
   ```
   Install for the current user: `pip install --user foo`, then ensure `~/.local/bin` is on PATH.
   ```
2. **** (95% 成功率)
   ```
   Use a virtual environment: `python -m venv .venv && source .venv/bin/activate && pip install foo`.
   ```

## 无效尝试

- **** — Installs system-wide, can break OS packages, and pollutes root's environment. (40% 失败率)
- **** — Security risk and may be reset by package manager upgrades. (70% 失败率)