{
  "id": "python/pip-missing-build-backend",
  "signature": "ERROR: Could not build wheels for foo, which is required to install pyproject.toml-based projects",
  "signature_zh": "错误：无法为 foo 构建 wheel，而这是安装基于 pyproject.toml 项目所必需的",
  "regex": "ERROR:\\ Could\\ not\\ build\\ wheels\\ for\\ foo,\\ which\\ is\\ required\\ to\\ install\\ pyproject\\.toml\\-based\\ projects",
  "domain": "python",
  "category": "install_error",
  "subcategory": null,
  "root_cause": "A package using PEP 517 build system failed to produce a wheel, typically due to missing C compiler, headers, or build dependencies.",
  "root_cause_type": "generic",
  "root_cause_zh": "使用 PEP 517 构建系统的包无法生成 wheel，通常是因为缺少 C 编译器、头文件或构建依赖。",
  "versions": [
    {
      "version": "3.x",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    }
  ],
  "os_specific": {},
  "dead_ends": [
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Upgrading pip does not provide the missing system toolchain.",
      "fail_rate": 0.85,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Disabling build isolation can help only if build deps are preinstalled; usually they are not.",
      "fail_rate": 0.7,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds": [
    {
      "action": "",
      "success_rate": 0.9,
      "how": "On Debian/Ubuntu: `sudo apt-get install build-essential python3-dev`. On macOS: `xcode-select --install`. Then retry `pip install foo`.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "",
      "success_rate": 0.8,
      "how": "`pip install --only-binary=:all: foo` or fetch a manylinux wheel from PyPI/conda-forge.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds_zh": [],
  "transition_graph": {
    "leads_to": [],
    "preceded_by": [],
    "frequently_confused_with": []
  },
  "official_doc_url": null,
  "official_doc_section": null,
  "error_code": null,
  "verification_tier": "ai_generated",
  "confidence": 0.87,
  "fix_success_rate": 0.8,
  "resolvable": "true",
  "first_seen": "2024-05-02",
  "last_confirmed": "2025-01-01",
  "last_updated": "2025-01-01",
  "evidence_count": 0,
  "tags": [],
  "locale": "en",
  "aliases": []
}