{
  "id": "python/pip-subprocess-exited-with-error",
  "signature": "error: subprocess-exited-with-error\n\n× python setup.py bdist_wheel did not run successfully.",
  "signature_zh": "错误：子进程以错误退出\n\n× python setup.py bdist_wheel 未成功运行。",
  "regex": "error:\\ subprocess\\-exited\\-with\\-error\\\n\\\n×\\ python\\ setup\\.py\\ bdist_wheel\\ did\\ not\\ run\\ successfully\\.",
  "domain": "python",
  "category": "install_error",
  "subcategory": null,
  "root_cause": "A package's build backend (legacy setuptools setup.py) crashed during wheel creation, usually due to missing system C headers, an incompatible setuptools version, or a Cython/compiler failure.",
  "root_cause_type": "generic",
  "root_cause_zh": "某个包的构建后端（旧式 setuptools setup.py）在生成 wheel 时崩溃，通常由缺少系统 C 头文件、setuptools 版本不兼容或 Cython/编译器失败引起。",
  "versions": [
    {
      "version": "3.8",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "3.9",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "3.10",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "3.11",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "3.12",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    }
  ],
  "os_specific": {},
  "dead_ends": [
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "The build fails deterministically; retrying does not supply the missing compiler or headers.",
      "fail_rate": 0.95,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Disabling isolation makes pip use the current environment's setuptools, which may be even older and fail the same way.",
      "fail_rate": 0.7,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Older pip still invokes the same broken build backend and loses modern resolver features.",
      "fail_rate": 0.6,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds": [
    {
      "action": "",
      "success_rate": 0.85,
      "how": "Install the needed system build tools first. On Debian/Ubuntu: `sudo apt-get install build-essential python3-dev libffi-dev libssl-dev`. On macOS: `xcode-select --install`. Then retry `pip install <pkg>`.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "",
      "success_rate": 0.8,
      "how": "Prefer a prebuilt wheel: `pip install --only-binary=:all: <pkg>`, or upgrade the build toolchain with `pip install --upgrade pip setuptools wheel` before installing.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "",
      "success_rate": 0.75,
      "how": "Read the full traceback above the error (pip truncates it). Re-run with `pip install -v <pkg>` to see the actual compiler error and address that specific missing dependency.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds_zh": [],
  "transition_graph": {
    "leads_to": [],
    "preceded_by": [],
    "frequently_confused_with": []
  },
  "official_doc_url": null,
  "official_doc_section": null,
  "error_code": null,
  "verification_tier": "ai_generated",
  "confidence": 0.87,
  "fix_success_rate": 0.8,
  "resolvable": "true",
  "first_seen": "2024-03-11",
  "last_confirmed": "2025-01-01",
  "last_updated": "2025-01-01",
  "evidence_count": 0,
  "tags": [],
  "locale": "en",
  "aliases": []
}