{
  "id": "safety/lithium-battery-fire-extinguisher",
  "signature": "AI advises using a Class A fire extinguisher (water or foam) on a lithium-ion battery fire, or tells someone to smother it with a blanket, ignoring that thermal runaway produces its own oxygen and water can cause hydrogen gas explosions",
  "signature_zh": "AI建议使用A类灭火器（水或泡沫）扑灭锂离子电池火灾，或告诉某人用毯子窒息，忽略了热失控会自产氧气，且水可能导致氢气爆炸",
  "regex": "water.*lithium.*fire|smother.*battery|Class A.*lithium|foam.*battery fire",
  "domain": "safety",
  "category": "physical_safety",
  "subcategory": null,
  "root_cause": "Lithium-ion battery fires involve thermal runaway: the battery generates its own oxygen through decomposition of the cathode, rendering smothering ineffective. Water applied to a burning lithium cell can react with lithium metal to produce hydrogen gas, which ignites explosively. Class D (metal) or Class A extinguishers are inappropriate; only specialized lithium-ion fire extinguishers (e.g., Lith-Ex, aerosol-based suppressants) or copious amounts of water (for large packs) are safe.",
  "root_cause_type": "generic",
  "root_cause_zh": "锂离子电池火灾涉及热失控：电池通过阴极分解自产氧气，使窒息无效。水与燃烧的锂金属反应产生氢气，会爆炸性点燃。D类（金属）或A类灭火器不适用；只有专用锂离子灭火器（如Lith-Ex、气溶胶基抑制剂）或大量水（对于大型电池组）才安全。",
  "versions": [
    {
      "version": "NFPA 855 (Energy Storage Systems) 2023",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "UL 1642 (Lithium Batteries) 2022",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "IEC 62133 (Secondary Cells) 2021",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "DOT 49 CFR 173.185 (Lithium Battery Transport) 2023",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    }
  ],
  "os_specific": {},
  "dead_ends": [
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Using a Class A (water/foam) extinguisher on a small lithium battery fire can cause hydrogen explosions and spread burning electrolyte",
      "fail_rate": 0.7,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Attempting to smother with a blanket or sand is ineffective because thermal runaway supplies its own oxygen; the fire continues internally",
      "fail_rate": 0.85,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Using a Class D extinguisher (designed for combustible metals) on a lithium-ion battery is also wrong because the fire involves electrolyte and not just lithium metal; it may not suppress thermal runaway",
      "fail_rate": 0.5,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds": [
    {
      "action": "For small lithium-ion battery fires (e.g., phone, laptop): use a specialized lithium-ion fire extinguisher (e.g., Lith-Ex, Firechief Lithium-Ion) or an aerosol-based suppressant like 'Elide Fire' or 'Lithium Battery Fire Blanket' that suffocates by blocking oxygen while containing toxic gases. Example: 'Apply Lith-Ex extinguisher at the base of the flames from a safe distance (2m).'",
      "success_rate": 0.85,
      "how": "For small lithium-ion battery fires (e.g., phone, laptop): use a specialized lithium-ion fire extinguisher (e.g., Lith-Ex, Firechief Lithium-Ion) or an aerosol-based suppressant like 'Elide Fire' or 'Lithium Battery Fire Blanket' that suffocates by blocking oxygen while containing toxic gases. Example: 'Apply Lith-Ex extinguisher at the base of the flames from a safe distance (2m).'",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "For large battery packs (EV, e-bike, powerwall): douse with copious amounts of water (at least 10 gallons/40 liters) from a safe distance. Water cools the battery below thermal runaway temperature, even though it may produce hydrogen. Use a hose or fire hydrant, not a bucket. Do not use a portable extinguisher.",
      "success_rate": 0.75,
      "how": "For large battery packs (EV, e-bike, powerwall): douse with copious amounts of water (at least 10 gallons/40 liters) from a safe distance. Water cools the battery below thermal runaway temperature, even though it may produce hydrogen. Use a hose or fire hydrant, not a bucket. Do not use a portable extinguisher.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "If no specialized extinguisher is available, evacuate the area immediately and call the fire department. Do not attempt to fight the fire yourself. Close doors to contain the fire. Lithium-ion fires can reignite hours later.",
      "success_rate": 0.95,
      "how": "If no specialized extinguisher is available, evacuate the area immediately and call the fire department. Do not attempt to fight the fire yourself. Close doors to contain the fire. Lithium-ion fires can reignite hours later.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds_zh": [
    "对于小型锂离子电池火灾（如手机、笔记本电脑）：使用专用锂离子灭火器（如Lith-Ex、Firechief Lithium-Ion）或气溶胶基抑制剂（如'Elide Fire'或'锂电池防火毯'），通过阻隔氧气并控制有毒气体来窒息。示例：'从安全距离（2米）将Lith-Ex灭火器喷向火焰根部。'",
    "对于大型电池组（电动汽车、电动自行车、Powerwall）：从安全距离大量浇水（至少10加仑/40升）。水将电池冷却到热失控温度以下，即使可能产生氢气。使用软管或消防栓，不要使用水桶。不要使用便携式灭火器。",
    "如果没有专用灭火器，立即撤离该区域并呼叫消防部门。不要自行灭火。关门以控制火势。锂离子火灾可能在数小时后复燃。"
  ],
  "transition_graph": {
    "leads_to": [],
    "preceded_by": [],
    "frequently_confused_with": []
  },
  "official_doc_url": "https://www.nfpa.org/education-and-research/fire-prevention-week/fire-prevention-week-toolkit/lithium-ion-battery-safety",
  "official_doc_section": null,
  "error_code": "BATTERY-FIRE-EXT-001",
  "verification_tier": "ai_generated",
  "confidence": 0.88,
  "fix_success_rate": 0.82,
  "resolvable": "true",
  "first_seen": "2023-06-15",
  "last_confirmed": "2024-06-01",
  "last_updated": "2024-06-01",
  "evidence_count": 1,
  "tags": [],
  "locale": "en",
  "aliases": []
}