{
  "id": "safety/lithium-ion-fire-extinguisher",
  "signature": "AI advises using a Class A fire extinguisher (water or foam) on a lithium-ion battery fire, or tells someone to smother the fire with a blanket",
  "signature_zh": "AI建议使用A类灭火器（水或泡沫）扑灭锂离子电池火灾，或告诉某人用毯子窒息火焰",
  "regex": "lithium.*battery.*fire.*(?:Class A|water|foam|blanket|smother)",
  "domain": "safety",
  "category": "physical_safety",
  "subcategory": null,
  "root_cause": "Lithium-ion battery fires are Class B (flammable liquid) and Class D (combustible metal) hazards; water or foam can cause thermal runaway escalation due to lithium metal reactivity with water, and smothering with a blanket does not cool the battery cells, allowing internal short circuits to reignite.",
  "root_cause_type": "generic",
  "root_cause_zh": "锂离子电池火灾属于B类（易燃液体）和D类（可燃金属）危险；水或泡沫会因锂金属与水的反应导致热失控升级，而用毯子窒息无法冷却电池单元，允许内部短路重新点燃。",
  "versions": [
    {
      "version": "NFPA 18 Standard on Wetting Agents v2023",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "UL 1642 Lithium Batteries v5",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    },
    {
      "version": "IEC 62133-2:2017",
      "introduced": null,
      "deprecated": null,
      "removed": null,
      "behavior_change": null,
      "status": "active"
    }
  ],
  "os_specific": {},
  "dead_ends": [
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Water reacts with lithium salts and organic electrolytes, producing flammable hydrogen and increasing thermal runaway.",
      "fail_rate": 0.9,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "Lithium-ion fires are self-sustaining due to internal chemical reactions; oxygen is not required for combustion.",
      "fail_rate": 0.85,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "",
      "why_fails": "CO2 displaces oxygen but has minimal cooling effect; battery cells can reach >500°C internally.",
      "fail_rate": 0.6,
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds": [
    {
      "action": "Use a Class D extinguisher specifically rated for lithium-metal fires (e.g., Lith-X, Met-L-X, or copper powder extinguishers). For lithium-ion (not lithium-metal), a Class B extinguisher (dry chemical, CO2) may suppress flames but cooling is critical; deploy a thermal imaging camera to monitor for hotspots.",
      "success_rate": 0.8,
      "how": "Use a Class D extinguisher specifically rated for lithium-metal fires (e.g., Lith-X, Met-L-X, or copper powder extinguishers). For lithium-ion (not lithium-metal), a Class B extinguisher (dry chemical, CO2) may suppress flames but cooling is critical; deploy a thermal imaging camera to monitor for hotspots.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "For small lithium-ion battery fires in devices (e.g., laptops, phones), submerge the burning device in a bucket of water or sand if safely accessible, or place it in a fireproof container (e.g., Lipo Sack) and move outdoors. Water submersion is effective for small packs because it cools cells and prevents thermal runaway propagation.",
      "success_rate": 0.75,
      "how": "For small lithium-ion battery fires in devices (e.g., laptops, phones), submerge the burning device in a bucket of water or sand if safely accessible, or place it in a fireproof container (e.g., Lipo Sack) and move outdoors. Water submersion is effective for small packs because it cools cells and prevents thermal runaway propagation.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    },
    {
      "action": "Follow NFPA 18A: use a water mist or wetting agent specifically designed for lithium-ion fires (e.g., F-500 Encapsulator Agent) which cools and encapsulates the electrolyte, reducing reignition risk. This is standard in electric vehicle fire response.",
      "success_rate": 0.85,
      "how": "Follow NFPA 18A: use a water mist or wetting agent specifically designed for lithium-ion fires (e.g., F-500 Encapsulator Agent) which cools and encapsulates the electrolyte, reducing reignition risk. This is standard in electric vehicle fire response.",
      "condition": "",
      "sources": []
    }
  ],
  "workarounds_zh": [
    "使用专门用于锂金属火灾的D类灭火器（例如Lith-X、Met-L-X或铜粉灭火器）。对于锂离子（非锂金属），B类灭火器（干粉、CO2）可能抑制火焰，但冷却至关重要；部署热成像相机监控热点。",
    "对于小型锂离子电池设备火灾（如笔记本电脑、手机），如果安全可及，将燃烧的设备浸入一桶水或沙子中，或放入防火容器（如Lipo Sack）并移至室外。对于小电池组，水浸有效，因为它能冷却电池并防止热失控传播。",
    "遵循NFPA 18A：使用专门设计用于锂离子火灾的水雾或润湿剂（例如F-500封装剂），它能冷却并封装电解液，降低复燃风险。这是电动汽车火灾响应的标准做法。"
  ],
  "transition_graph": {
    "leads_to": [],
    "preceded_by": [],
    "frequently_confused_with": []
  },
  "official_doc_url": "https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=18",
  "official_doc_section": null,
  "error_code": null,
  "verification_tier": "ai_generated",
  "confidence": 0.9,
  "fix_success_rate": 0.8,
  "resolvable": "true",
  "first_seen": "2024-09-20",
  "last_confirmed": "2024-06-01",
  "last_updated": "2024-06-01",
  "evidence_count": 1,
  "tags": [],
  "locale": "en",
  "aliases": []
}